Researchers from Zurich University of Applied Sciences and two Indian institutes teamed up to engineer a bacteria that can clean up old chemical waste through recapture and detoxification.

Only a small portion of produced chemicals are actually used, while a large portion of the chemicals go unused. For example, the insecticide lindane is only comprised of 15% of the chemical produced. The other 85% is made up of hazardous waste. In the 1950s, the entire mix of lindane and hazardous chemicals was sprayed on fields and orchards. Now, lindane and hazardous waste are separated, the lindane is sold pure and the rest is dumped in landfills. This is dangerous for the environment and natural water supplies.Researchers at Empa and Eawag used these bacteria to generate enzymes that can break down dangerous chemicals. Source: EmpaResearchers at Empa and Eawag used these bacteria to generate enzymes that can break down dangerous chemicals. Source: Empa

Some countries have banned these chemicals, but used chemicals from the old hazardous practices still exist in the environment. As such, researchers have been working on ways to capture hazardous chemicals. In 1991, scientists found three strains of bacteria that could consume lindane: Sphingobium francense, Sphingobium japonicum and Sphingobium indicum.

Now, the research team modified the genes of the Indian bacteria and produced HCH-degrading enzymes in pure form. To create the bacteria, researchers investigated enzyme variants found in landfills and enzymes obtained from genetically modified bacterial strains. The team deliberately enlarged the keyhole of the bacteria so larger HBCD molecules could be broken down easily. During breakdown, the pollutant molecule HCH inserts itself into an enzyme and part of the molecule is split off, the harmless fragments are released again and the enzyme is ready to take up the next pollutant molecule. This process recaptures and detoxifies chemical waste.

This method is promising for use in biological areas to render long-lived toxins harmless, but it is a long way from being widely used. The team still needs to investigate the lock and key principles of helpful enzymes before they can be tailor-made for chemical toxins.

A paper on this research was published in Chemosphere.